The Salvia divinorum FAQ

VI. METHODS OF USE
Q. How is salvia used? What are the methods and how do they differ?
A. There are several different methods of using Salvia: These are discussed below under the questions about smoking, oral, and other methods.

Q. Okay, tell me about smoking.
A. Smoking is probably the most common method for 'Western' users. Dried salvia leaf is readily available from commercial sources and can be smoked without further preparation in tobacco pipes, joints, or water-pipes or bongs. Salvia must be smoked hot (hotter than tobacco is) in order for salvinorin to be vaporized. The smoke is inhaled fast and hot, deeply into the lungs. Several hits in quick succession are usually required. The smoke is irritating and probably has the same sort of health risks as tobacco smoke - cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, and heart and blood vessel disease. When smoking it is a good idea to have a sitter present although many smokers do not take this advice.

Q. What is the usual dose?
A. One or two large crushed leaves (¼–½ gram). Individual requirements will vary.

Q. How strong is smoking?
A. It varies greatly depending on the dose.

Q. How long does the experience last?
A. When smoked, the first effects are noticed within 1 minute, rapidly developing to a peak which lasts 5 - 10 minutes, then gradually diminishing over the next 20 - 30 minutes. From beginning to end, the entire experience lasts 30 minutes to one hour. Best not to drive for at least several more hours - just in case your reflexes or judgement are impaired longer than you think they might be.

Q. Is there any special trick to smoking Salvia divinorum?
A. Please read "How to achieve effects from smoked Salvia divinorum". It is best to smoke the leaf material in a pipe (not a cigarette). Salvinorin A has a relatively high vaporization temperature, and with a pipe you can draw a flame directly onto the leaf material so that it burns quite hot. It is very important to hold the smoke deeply in the lungs for a good 20 - 30 seconds before exhaling. This allows time for salvinorin A to be absorbed from the smoke. If one exhales to quickly, much of the material will be wasted. The level of effects you achieve depends on the amount of smoke inhaled and absorbed within about a 2 minute period. Within 2 minutes, you should be able to take 3 big hits (holding each one in for 20 - 30 seconds). The body metabolizes salvinorin A quite rapidly, so if you want to increase the effect by smoking several hits, you need to ingest the smoke faster than it is metabolized. If you pause too long between hits, the duration will be extended, but the intensity of effects won't increase.

Q. How do I smoke salvinorin A fortified leaf?
A. The standardized salvinorin A enhanced leaf is very easy to use. Place the amount that you intend to use in the bowl of a small pipe. Since the leaf may be very finely crumbled, the pipe should be fitted with a fine-mesh screen in the bottom of the bowl to prevent small particals from getting into the pipe-stem and being inhaled. When you are ready, first take a deep breath of fresh air, then exhale to empty your lungs, then immediately apply a flame to the leaf material and inhale the whole dose of smoke in one lungfull. It is important to hold the lighter flame immediatly above the material and to draw it down into the leaves as you inhale. The leaf must be heated to a relatively high temperature in order to vaporize the active principal. As long as the flame is drawn down into the leaf, it will burn the leaves at a high enough temperature. It is very important to hold the smoke deeply in your lungs for a good 20–30 seconds before exhaling. It takes time for salvinorin A to condense out of the smoke and be absorbed by the lungs. If you exhale too soon much of it will be wasted.

Q. Do I need a special kind of lighter to smoke salvinorin A fortified leaf or Salvia divinorum leaves?
A. An ordinary lighter or match is quite hot enough to vaporize salvinorin A and should be quite adequate for smoking salvinorin A fortified leaf products. An extra hot flame, such as that produced by a micro-torch, will simply cause more rapid vaporization and combustion. This can be an advantage when smoking plain Salvia divinorum leaves, because it is usually necessary to smoke a relatively large amount of leaf in a short amount time to achieve strong effects.

Q. Can the standardized salvinorin A fortified leaf products be taken orally/sublingually?
A: In theory, yes, but since sublingual absorption in not very efficient in this form, you would need to use a dose about 30–40 times larger than the smoking dose. From an economic point of view, it makes far more sense to use Sage Goddess Emerald Essence for sublingual use. Save the standardized salvinorin A fortified leaf for smoking, since the primary benefit of the standardized extracts is that they substantially reduce the amount of smoke one needs to ingest.

Q. Is it true that it requires several attempts, before one begins to experience the full effects of Salvia?
A: Many people report that they became more sensitive to the effects of salvia after they had tried it several times. Apparently it may take a few exposures before one becomes fully sensitized to Salvia's effects. I don't know why this should be the case, but I've heard it from so many people that am convinced this is a real phenomenon.

Q. I've followed all the advice, but I don't seem to be able to achieve strong effects, why is this?
A. Approximately 10% of people are unusually insensitive to salvinorin A. Most of these people can achieve a satisfactory level of effects by using a higher than average dose. Some people require a dose several times higher than average. Be very cautious when experimenting with higher than average doses. Doses should be increased in gradual increments until one find the level of effects that interests you.

Q. Is there any way to extend the duration of the effects of smoked Salvia divinorum?
A: salvinorin A does not produce a tolerance effect, so you can extend the experience by simply smoking more as soon as the effects begin to fade. You can also ease into the experience by starting with a small dose and following it immediately with a "booster" dose.

Q. What is vaporization and how does it differ from smoking?
A. Vaporization consists of heating pure salvinorin A, extract, or powdered leaf to a high temperature without igniting it. The temperature must be high enough for at least some of the salvinorin to temporarily become a gas (vapor). The ideal air-stream temperature for vaporization is approximately 277° C (530° F.). These vapors, mixed with the aerosol the vapors condense to and air, are inhaled. Like the smoke from burning salvia leaves, the products of vaporization contain salvinorin and other volatile products, either as gases, or as an aerosol of small condensed droplets. Unlike smoking, vaporization does not produce ash particulates, or oxidation products such as carbon monoxide. Inhaling vapors is probably somewhat less damaging to one's lungs than is inhaling smoke; but it cannot be considered free of all health risks. Your lungs evolved to inhale clean air, not hot vapors.

Q. How is vaporization done?
A. There are not yet commercial vaporizers optimized for smoking Salvia. Salvia leaf, extract, or salvinorin can be vaporized on heated aluminum foil and inhaled with a straw. Alternatively,  homemade vaporizer units can be constructed, or units designed for consumption of cannabis or tobacco can be used. Many commercial units are either not hot enough (won't vaporize) or too hot (will carbonize) for optimum vaporization of salvinorin.

Q. Is vaporization strong?
A. Of course it depends on the dose, but it can be unbelievably strong! Dangerously so! Since very little smoke is produced with this technique, it is possible to inhale a very large dose with very little effort. At large doses, one may temporarily lose all awareness of who one is, where one is or what one is doing. Falls, fires, injuries etc. can easily occur. If you will be vaporizing it is ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL that a sitter be present to protect you from injury.

Q. How about oral use?
A. Oral use by means of chewed and swallowed leaves, or by means of a water-based salvia drink are the traditional methods of use by the Mazatec healers. These methods have much to recommend them including safety and suitability for learning from the 'teacher plant'. When salvia leaves are chewed and held in ones mouth a long time, salvinorin is absorbed directly by the tissues lining the mouth. Swallowed salvia is much less effective, although the traditional Mazatec water-based drink, which is swallowed, is effective if enough leaves are used in its preparation.

Q. Does oral salvia work as fast as smoking?
A. Definitely not. When ingested orally, the first effects begin in 10 -20 minutes. The effects build to a peak fairly quickly, reaching a plateau which can last anywhere from 30 minutes to one and a half hours. The effects then gradually subside over an additional 30 minutes to one and a half hours. From beginning to end, the entire experience can last anywhere from one to three hours. Best not to drive for at least several more hours - just in case your reflexes or judgement are impaired longer than you think they might be.

Q. What method of ingestion produces the best effects: Smoked or oral?
A: Different people have different preferences. You should experiment with both methods and find your own preference. Smoking provides a relatively short, but potentially very intense experience, whereas sublingual absorption provides a substantially longer lasting and somewhat more gentle experience.

Q. What is the quid method?
A. A quid is a rolled up cylinder of fresh leaves. The quid method traditionally uses fresh salvia leaves, large ones if available. Rehydrated previously dried leaves can be used if fresh ones are unavailable; there seems to be little loss of strength due to drying and rehydration. The quid method produces effects that begin more gradually and last longer than is the case with smoking. Unlike smoking, the quid method does not damage lungs. Unfortunately the quid method does not work for everyone. And some people find the bitter taste of the leaves unpleasant.

The following is a recipe for using a large dose of leaves by the quid method. It can produce strong effects in sensitive individuals.

Note: This recipe calls for 16 leaves which is a large dose. A smaller dose would be safer for novices, using fewer leaves is especially important if exceptionally strong leaves are being used.

Method: Make two quids of about 8 leaves each.  Chew the first quid for 15 minutes, chewing once every 5 to 10 seconds. Keep the quid under your tongue between chews as this maximizes sublingual absorption . Swish the saliva around your mouth from time to time. Do not swallow or spit unless necessary. After 15 minutes of chewing, spit out the remains of the first quid . Now, if you are not already as high as you want to get, begin the second quid. Chew this exactly like the first for 15 minutes. When that 15 minutes have gone, spit out the quid. Of course if you feel you have reached the level you want, just spit out the quid before you get higher than you want to. A few minutes after you spit out the quid you will start coming down. During quid chewing, have a bowl handy for spitting into. Make sure it is a bowl that wont tip over, as you will get pretty uncoordinated! Keep a towel handy in case you drool. The taste of chewed leaves is unpleasantly bitter but most people won't vomit. However, keep that bowl handy!

Q. Is there a safe way of increasing the effect of chewed quid?
A. The effect of chewed quid can apparently be potentiated just by using mouthwash! Do not add the mouthwash to the leaves. Instead, just before putting the quid in your mouth, rinse your entire mouth out thoroughly (for at least 30 seconds) with a mouthwash that contains both menthol and alcohol. Cool Mint Listerine® works well. This will noticeably increase the effect of chewed leaves. This effect makes pharmacological sense, as it is known that a mixture of alcohol, water, and menthol increases the permeability of mucous membranes to various drugs. Presumably it is increasing the rate of salvinorin absorption. It is possible that other ingredients in the mouthwash, such as eucalyptol may also be contributing to this effect. Another technique, which may be helpful, is to lightly brush the interior surfaces of the mouth with a toothbrush. This removes a layer of dead cells and consequently seems to improve absorption. If you will also be using the mouthwash technique, it is probably best to do the brushing first.

Q. What is salvia honey slurry?
A. Recipe for Salvia honey slurry: Ingredients: 5 grams of finely powdered dried salvia leaf; 1 tsp. McCormick Peppermint extract (80% alcohol); 4 tsp. honey that was first warmed in a microwave oven. Preparation: the leaf powder is put into a teacup, add the peppermint extract, then the honey. Mix until a uniform slurry is formed. Use: lie down on a couch or on the floor on pillows, dim the lights, and slowly spoon the mixture into your mouth, one spoonful at a time; get it under your tongue and in contact with the entire lining of your mouth. When your mouth becomes full of saliva swallow and spoon in the next spoonful of honey slurry. Over a 30 minute period slowly consume all the honey, keeping it in contact with your oral mucosa as long as possible. Expect a mild gentle experience, not a very strong one.

Q. What's a sublingual extract?
A. These are extracts designed for sublingual absorption. The are held beneath the tongue so that the active principal is absorbed into the sublingual mucosa and from there into the bloodstream. The duration and quality of the experience produced is equivalent to chewing fresh leaves using the quid method. One type of extract that may be used in this manner is called a "soft extract." Soft extracts are tar-like in texture; they are effective for sublingual use, but very large amounts must be used because they are not absorbed very efficiently. More information about soft extracts is available in section XIII Processing plant material. Various liquid extracts are also effective for sublingual use. "Sage Goddess Emerald Essence" is a particularly effective, ultra-concentrated, refined tincture that is prepared using a unique separation process developed by Daniel Siebert. This product is one of the most effective and reliable forms of Salvia divinorum for oral use. It is available from The Sage Wisdom Salvia Shop.

Q. What is salvia elixir?
A. A sweetened aromatic alcohol water extraction of salvia leaf. It is held  in the mouth for 1/2 hour to allow salvinorin to be absorbed

Q. How is it made and used?
A. Recipe for salvia peppermint elixir: Note: this extraction uses whiskey, rum, or vodka. DO NOT USE POISONOUS DENATURED ALCOHOL. Ingredients and method: powdered salvia leaf (all you can spare) in a quart Mason jar. Barely cover the powder with whisky, vodka, or rum, the higher the proof the better. Close the jar. Shake every 15 minutes for 2 hours minimum. (For stronger elixir let it sit in contact with the leaf powder for days.) Pour off the salvia / whiskey mixture, filtering it through a fine mesh spice bag (the type chefs use for Bouquet garni). Squeeze the wet powder through the bag, saving as much of the salvia saturated whiskey as possible. The whiskey (which is chemically a mixture of ethanol and water) has extracted the salvinorin A, so you now have an extract containing salvinorin. Add 1 capful of McCormick's Peppermint Extract (to make the brew both more palatable and more potent) to 1 oz. of the salvia extract. What you now have is an ethanol/water/menthol/salvinorin delivery system. The menthol in the peppermint extract probably helps transport salvinorin across the oral mucosa, thereby maximizing the amount of Salvinorin that enters your blood stream. Sweeten with a little honey or sugar. You will need to dilute the elixir with an equal volume of water just prior to use in order to avoid mouth irritation. To use, hold in your mouth and swish it around for 30 minutes. Hold as much in your mouth as you comfortably can (about 2 oz.)

Q. Will cooked salvia have any effect?
A. Yes. For some people, but usually the effect will be quite mild, only just above threshold level. Here is a report of an experiment and  recipe that provided  a pleasant mild experience (level 2 to level 3 on the SALVIA scale.

Materials:

• 4 freshly picked very large leaves from good plants were cut into strips. The leaf material weighted 9.92 G.
• 4 tsp Extra Virgin Olive Oil
• 1 large clove of garlic , coarsely sliced
• 1 tsp. soy sauce
• a small piece of frozen ginger root (about 2 cm. wide and 1/2 cm. long)
• a pinch of ground chili pepper

Preparation: The cut up leaves were mixed with the sliced clove of garlic and the extra virgin olive oil and this mixture was stir fried in a wok-style fry pan. The pan had a Teflon lining and stir frying was done with wooden spoons (thus the leaves were not in contact with metal while being fried (it is not known if this makes a difference). The mixture was stir fried until the garlic slices turned medium brown darker than golden brown but definitely not charred).  Once the garlic had turned brown the leaves, garlic and the oil in which the mixture had been fried were all transferred to the refrigerator for later consumption. Note: the time the leaves spent sitting in the oil in the refrigerator may have aided salvinorin extraction into the oil phase.  Several hours later the bowl was taken out of the refrigerator, the frozen ginger root was grated onto it and a pinch of chili powder and 1 tsp. of soy sauce were added for flavoring. These were mixed and the entire contents of the bowl, including all the oil was eaten (not kept under the tongue like a chewed salvia quid but rather eaten like any food would be).  The sauté was consumed on an empty stomach (which may have been necessary for its rapid absorption).  A repeat of this experiment during which the fried leaves were not refrigerated prior to consumption yielded only minimal effects (level 1 to 2) for one individual and no effects for a second person. There have been other reports of both success and failure from sauteed Salvia. It is possible that one reason not everyone is successful in obtaining a salvia effect from the sauté may be differences in leaf potency. With weaker leaves  a higher dose would be required. If you try this, eat all the oil the leaves were fried in along with the leaves, as the oil probably contains much of the salvinorin.  Probably the best results (assuming average quality leaves eaten by an individual with average sensitivity to Salvia) would be obtained with a dose of about 15 to 20 grams of fresh leaves sautéed as described  Comments: The effects I experienced the first time was level 2 to 3 and the second time level 1 to 2. The recommendation to increase the leaf dosage was made in the interest of being able to achieve a somewhat higher level for myself and a discernible level for someone less sensitive to salvia than I am. I believe I am more sensitive to salvia than about 2/3 of people.


VII. THE PLANT AND ITS CARE
Q. What type of plant is Salvia divinorum?
A. Salvia divinorum is a type of sage. Generally, sages belong to the genus Salvia. There are about 900 different Salvia  species, including many ornamental garden sages and Salvia officinalis, the common cooking sage. Salvia is a genus in the mint family  (Lamiaceae) Salvia divinorum is literally the sage (Salvia) of the diviners (divinorum). The plant has a characteristic weak 'mousy-but-minty'  aroma. It is a native of a small area in Oaxaca, Mexico, growing in mountainous lands where the Mazatec Indian people dwell.

Q. How does the plant grow?
A. Salvia divinorum is a semi-tropical perennial. That means that it can grow back year after year but only if it is not exposed to frost. It is a  green plant with large leaves and a distinctive thick hollow square green stem. It can grow several meters high if conditions are favorable.  When it grows high enough the branches will bend or break and may root if they come in contact with moist earth. Although S. divinorum  can flower under natural lighting conditions (it has white flowers with purplish calyces), it only rarely sets seed, even when carefully hand-pollinated, and when it does the seeds are not very fertile. Experience has shown that plants grown from seed are often lacking in vigor. The  plant is typically propagated by cuttings. The leaves are oval, weakly serrated and can be quite large (up to 9 inches length). The leaves are often emerald green and are covered with a fine coating of very short hairs giving the leaves a satin-like velvety appearance in certain lights. The plants are water loving but grow best in partial shade in well-watered but well-drained soil.

Q. Is it easy to grow Salvia?
A. Yes. Salvia can be grown indoors in any climate. It makes a beautiful house plant.

Q. Can I grow it outdoors?
A. That depends on where you live. If you live in a humid semi-tropical climate, with well-drained but well-watered somewhat acidic soil with a high humus content, salvia will thrive. If you live in a more northern (or arid) climate you can still grow salvia outdoors, weather permitting, but you may have to do it with some care, making sure it is protected from frost, watered frequently, and misted as needed when low humidity conditions prevail. Salvia will not tolerate frost or drought. It can be grown outdoors in pots which can be brought indoors when it is cold (below 40 degrees Fahrenheit).

Q. How often should it be watered?
A. Often. Salvia will tell you when it is getting too dry - its leaves will droop. Be sure to water it at the first sign of mild drooping, do not let the plant become flaccid. The soil should drain but should be kept moist.

Q. What soil mixture should I use?
A. Most commercial potting soils work quite well. Make sure the pot is large and that it has drainage holes in the bottom.

Q. Does it need fertilizer?
A. Yes it will. There is no one fertilizer that is clearly best. Satisfactory results can be achieved with different products. Some of them are: Scott's All-Purpose Plant Food 18-13-13 lightly sprinkled on the soil about once every six weeks; fish emulsion (but this is not for indoor use as it stinks); Miracle-Gro added to the water once a week (1/4 tsp. per gallon); Peters Professional Soluble Plant Food (15-30-15) 1/4 tsp. to gallon of water once per week. Despite what used to be believed, Salvia does not require acidic soil conditions. There is no need to use fertilizers designed for "acid-loving" plants unless lime buildup is a problem.

Q. How much sunlight is needed?
A. Salvia divinorum can do well in a variety of different lighting conditions. It does best with a few hours of partial sunlight a day. It can do well grown indoors near a window. It can survive full sun if kept well watered and misted frequently. It can also handle moderately deep shade.

Q. What pests are a problem?
A. Too many! Whitefly is a big problem for greenhouse grown plants. Aphids, slugs, caterpillars, thrips, spider mites, and scale insects can also damage your plants. Root rot and stem rot can be problems. Fungal spots can appear in leaves. It is not known which plant viruses attack Salvia divinorum but many attack other sages.

Q. What is the best way to deal with pests?
A. Your garden hose is your best friend in fighting pests. Spray the leaves hard enough to blow the pests away but not hard enough to damage the leaves. Don't forget to spray the undersides of the leaves too. If the hose method does not do the trick then more specific methods will be needed. Aphids and scale insects can be removed with a cotton swab dipped in isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol. Slugs can be kept away by growing in pots on a raised deck or palette. Beer can also be used to attract and drown slugs. Set a saucer of beer in a slight depression in the ground; the surface of the saucer should be flush with the soil so slugs can get in. Slugs and snail are said to be repelled by copper surfaces. Copper foil strips can be placed as a protective barrier on the soil surface around plants. Keep them a distance away from the plants. Do not let the copper touch the plants as it may kill them. Snail pellets (effective against both snails and slugs) are available from garden stores. They are poisonous. Spider mites can be controlled by dissolving Castile soap in water and spraying the leaves, including the underside. Repeat at two week intervals for three applications. Caution: there have been reports of soap damaging leaves. Using a garden hose outdoors, or a mister indoors, to spray both tops and bottoms of the leaves may be able to control spider mites without using soap.

Q. How can I propagate Salvia?
A. Salvia divinorum is propagated by cuttings, not by seed (except very rarely).  Cuttings must be rooted either in water or directly in soil. Here's how:

1. Rooting in water: Salvia can be rooted simply much like the common ornamental Coleus (they are closely related). Cut off a branch (4 to 8 inches long) bearing some leaves. Immediately place it in about 1.5 inches of water in a small water glass. Only one cutting is to be put in each glass, so if rot develops in one cutting it cannot spread to another.

It is best if the branch is cut back to just below a node since nodes are the places from which new roots are most likely to develop. While it is not necessary to cut make the cut here, doing so has the advantage that there will be no stem material dangling in the water below the node. This is important as the cut stem end is more likely to start to rot than is a node.

Make sure the cutting is made with clean shears or knife so the cut stem does not get attacked by microorganisms that cause stem rot. Cut off all the large leaves, but leave a few small leaves. Place a clear glass jar (or clear plastic bag) upside down over the plant to serve as a humidity tent. Place where it will get some sunlight. Change the water daily. It may be a good idea to use cooled boiled water. If your water is chlorinated boiling will drive off chlorine. Non-chlorinated water may be contaminated with plant pathogens, but boiling should kill these. Rooting in water this way is successful about 3/4 of the time (the rest of the time stem rot occurs and kills the cutting).

In two weeks roots will start to develop. When they are about 1/2 to 1 inch long transplant to potting soil in a well-drained pot. Continue to cover with a clear glass jar or clear plastic bag to serve as a humidity tent until the plant appears vigorous.

2. Rooting in Soil: Salvia can be rooted directly in soil. This method, a modification of the one posted to the list by Todd Pisek, works quite well. Materials needed: potting soil, two disposable plastic cups, some Rootone powder (this is a rooting hormone mixture that also contains a fungicide and is available at any nursery), a 1 gallon Baggie™ brand storage bag, and a rubber band. Have water handy. Method: Punch some small holes in one of the cups for drainage. Fill the cup 1/3 the way up with potting soil. Fill the cup another 1/3 with soil. Using a pencil or a finger make a hole in the soil about 2 inches deep. The soil is now ready for your cutting. You must now prepare the cutting. With a clean shears cut off a length of stem from a healthy plant. Leave a few leaves (small ones) on top. Harvest the larger leaves from the cut-off stem. Immediately after cutting the stem, place it in clean water. Cut it back to just below a node, as roots will develop from the node. Keep the cut surface wet. Place the cut surface at about 1 inch above the cut into rooting powder. Shake off the excess. Rooting powder is somewhat toxic, so wash your hands after handling it. Place the powder-coated cutting in the hole in the soil. Gently push the soil around the cutting, holding it in place and filling in the hole. Water the planted cutting until some water runs out the drainage holes. Place the cup with the plant in it into the second plastic cup (which is there to catch any runoff water). You may want to put a small piece of wood or plastic in the outer cup to act as a spacer thereby allowing enough space for excess water to drain. Place a 1 gallon clear plastic bag over the rooted cutting, using a rubber band to hold it in place. The rubber band should be outside the bag and the bag outside both cups. The Rubber band holds the bag against the cups. As the plastic bag acts to conserve moisture frequent watering is not required. After several weeks you can transplant the now-rooted plant to a larger pot.


VIII. SALVIA DIVINORUM'S INTERESTING RELATIVES
Q. Are there other psychopharmacologically active salvia species?
A. Yes. It appears  that number of different salvia species have different forms of psychoactivity. In addition some other members of the  mint family  (to which genus Salvia belongs) are psychoactive ('psychoactive' means that a substance effects mood, alertness, thinking, emotion, or perception, most psychoactive substances are not hallucinogenic), for example there is a Central Asian mint  known as 'intoxicating mint'  (Lagochiles inebriens)  whose leaves are reportedly  toasted and then brewed into a sedative tea.

• There is an unclassified salvia species  called "Xiwit" by the Nahuatl
people of Sierra de Puebla, who use it as a dream inducer. It apparently is not S. divinorum.

• The many strains of the common cooking sage  S. officinalis contain thujone which (along with alcohol) is the main ingredient that gives absinthe its characteristic psychoactivity. Thujone (also found in wormwood and juniper) is believed by some to cause brain damage.  Best to use cooking sage as a condiment --- but not as a drug.

• Another quite different salvia species of great interest is S. splendens, frequently grown for its showy flowers. Claude Rifat and Kevin Brunelle were the first to post on its alleged psychoactivity. Other list members subsequently reported psychoactivity of a tranquilizing or sedative type if it is either smoked or taken by the chewed/sublingual route. Both leaves and flowers have been reported to exhibit this tranquilizing activity. However its purported psychoactivity has been called into question and may turn out to be an example of placebo effect. A double blind placebo controlled study of S. splendens was conducted by Daniel Siebert using as subjects volunteers from the Salvia email list. Analysis of the results indicated there was no statistically significant difference between the mental effects of the placebo herb (Viola odorata) and of S. splendens. This held true regardless of whether the herbs were taken sublingually, or smoked. Although "lack of evidence of difference" is NOT the same as "evidence of lack of difference," at this point, the burden of scientific proof is on anyone claiming that S splendens is more psychoactive than placebo.


IX. SALVIA AS AN ENTHEOGEN
Q. I have seen salvia referred to as an 'entheogen'. What's that?
A. The word comes from the Greek, loosely translated as "making possible (contact with) the divine within (oneself)". Drugs (and drug plants) which can transport their user to mystical states of consciousness are often called entheogens.. More properly entheogen refers to a type of drug usage, not a type of drug. Salvia CAN be used as an entheogen. It is used as such when taken as part of a serious spiritual quest; but most 'Western' salvia usage would not qualify as entheogenic. The issue of the spiritual/religious use of salvia has been a hotly debated in the Salvia email list--to say the least! Perhaps one of the few statements that most list members can agree upon regarding entheogenic use of salvia is "Some people take salvia with the intent of having a spiritual or religious experience and claim to be able to achieve one from it". Beyond that the issue gets extremely controversial dealing with such questions as what are true religious beliefs, the nature of: God,/Goddess, gods, spirits, void, consciousness, the soul, proper methods of meditation, spirituality etc. These are questions about which no consensus is possible.


X. ABOUT SALVINORIN (and related substances)
Q. What's in salvia that is so strong? Is it an alkaloid?
A. Salvia contains a substance called salvinorin A. Salvinorin A is the most potent naturally occurring vision inducer. Salvinorin A is not an alkaloid--its molecule contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Technically it is a neoclerodane diterpenoid. Salvinorin A is a unique vision inducing substance, of great power. It is NOT an analog of any other drug.

Q. Just how strong is it?
A. When vaporized and inhaled, doses of about 250 micrograms (that is 250 millionths of a gram) can have threshold effects and doses of 1 milligram (one thousandth of a gram) can have extreme effects. Sensitivity varies greatly from person to person. Salvinorin is most effective when inhaled as smoke or vapor and least effective on a milligram basis when swallowed.

Q. Are there other psychoactive substances present in Salvia?
A. Possibly. A substance known as divinorin C has been recently reported by Valdés et. al to be behaviorally active in mice at even lower dosage than salvinorin A. Divinorin C is closely related chemically to salvinorin A and is present in his salvia extracts in 1/9 the concentration of salvinorin A. It may contribute to the psychoactive effects of salvia leaves. Divinorin C has never been bioassayed in humans due (among other reasons) to the difficulty in preparing pure samples in significant quantity for such bioassay. A few other salvinorin like compounds are known to be present in salvia and may also contribute to its psychoactivity. However, salvinorin A is the only Salvia divinorum compound presently known to be psychoactive in humans.

Q. Can salvinorin A be used safely?
A. The primary danger in using refined salvinorin A is overdose. It can only be used safely if the dose has been measured precisely. It is active in extremely minute quantities - so small in fact that a dose could easily fit on the head of a pin. Quantities this small can only be accurately measured using an analytical balance. Such weighing equipment usually costs two or three thousand dollars. NEVER ESTIMATE A DOSE OF Salvinorin A VISUALY. IT SHOULD ALWAYS BE WEIGHED. Don't experiment with this material unless you are 100% certain that the dose has been measured accurately. To learn more about the potential dangers of salvinorin A, go to the following URL: http://sagewisdom.org/caution.html

Q. Is it possible to estimate salvinorin content of leaves without having an organic chemistry lab at one's disposal?
A. Yes it can be done in a crude fashion. If you have a gram scale weigh the material and assume that there is APPROXIMATELY 3 mg salvinorin per gram of ordinary (unenhanced) dried leaf. If you lack a gram scale (it would be a good idea to buy one) you could
use volume measure and assume 1.37 G of powdered leaf per level teaspoon.
Roughly (but only roughly) this gives:
1 level tsp. dried leaf powder = about 4 mg salvinorin
1/2 level tsp. dried leaf powder = about 2 mg salvinorin
1/4 level tsp. dried leaf powder = about 1 mg salvinorin
1/8 level tsp. dried leaf powder = about 1/2 mg salvinorin
These figures are based on a weighing of powdered leaves which gave a reading of 1.37 grams per tsp. and on an estimated salvinorin content of 3 mg salvinorin per gram of dried leaf. This estimate is consistent with the comment of Leander Valdes III that based on his research he "would guess the salvinorin A content in dried leaves to be at least 2.5 - 3.0 mg/g and possibly higher." These figures are not exact - they will depend on packing density. Also, leaf quality and salvinorin concentration will vary. Leaf samples analyzed by John Gruber ranged from 0.86 mg - 3.94 mg salvinorin per gram of dried leaf with an average concentration of 2.45 mg per gram.

Q. How can I make salvinorin?
A. You can't. Salvinorin has not been synthesized yet and synthesis would be an extremely difficult if not impossible undertaking for even the most skilled chemist.

Q. How can I extract it?
A.  Extracting pure salvinorin is not a task to be undertaken in your home. If you are a reasonably skilled organic chemist and have access to an organic chemistry lab and fairly sophisticated equipment it is possible to extract pure salvinorin from dried leaves. If you intend to use it it will be necessary to weigh out dosage very precisely. Ordinary balances are not accurate enough for this task.  The accuracy  of the balances used should be to within 10  micrograms (that's micrograms not milligrams)  WARNING: Attempts to extract salvinorin by amateurs are fraught with danger including solvent toxicity, fire, explosion and overdosing. This FAQ will not give recipes telling how to extract salvinorin; but if you are willing to study source material the procedures are published in the scientific literature.

If you want to learn about salvinorin, its effects and its chemistry a good place to start is: J Psychoactive Drugs 1994 Jul;26(3):277-283 Salvia divinorum and the unique diterpene hallucinogen, Salvinorin (divinorin) A. Valdes LJ 3rd.

also see these:

Siebert DJ. 1994. Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. June;43(1):53-56.

Ortega, A. et al. 1982. Salvinorin, a new trans-neoclerodane diterpene from Salvia divinorum (Labiatae). Journal of the Chemical Society Perkins Transactions. I 1982: 2505-2508.

Valdés III, L.J. et al.  1984. Divinorin A, a psychotropic terpenoid, and divinorin B from the hallucinogenic Mexican mint Salvia divinorum. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 49: 4716-4720.

Q. What is known about the neurological mechanism of action for salvinorin A?
A. Salvinorin A is a potent, highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist. Experimental evidence indicates that the psychoactive effects of salvinorin A result from its activity at these receptors. Self-experiments performed by Daniel Siebert have demonstrated that the effects of salvinorin A are inhibited by pre-administration of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone.

Q. What are opioid receptors?
A. Opioid receptors are a particular class of chemical-recognition proteins located on cell membranes in many organs, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. These proteins produce an effect in the cell when they come into contact with chemicals that both "bind" to them and trigger activity.

Q. Since salvinorin A activates kappa opiate receptors, does that mean that salvinorin A is chemically similar to opiate drugs?
A. No. Salvinorin A is in an entirely different class of compounds. Opiates are alkaloids. Salvinorin A is a diterpenoid. It is an organic compound of plant origin that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Unlike alkaloids, it does not contain nitrogen. To a chemist this is a major difference. This chemical difference has an important practical consequence: salvinorin A should not give a positive reaction on urine tests for opiates or other alkaloid drugs.

Q. What are the differences between different types of opioid receptors?
A. There are three main groups of opioid receptors: mu, kappa, and delta. These receptors are similar to each other in protein structure but link to a variety of distinct intracellular G-coupling proteins that function to cause the receptors' unique physiologic effects on target organs. Different endogenous ligands (enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins, etc.) bind to them to differing extent. So do various drugs. Substances that activate receptors are known as agonists, those that block them are known as antagonists, those that activate some types of receptors while at the same time blocking others are called mixed agonist/antagonists. There are selective agonists and selective antagonists for different receptor types. As a result of studies with these it has been found that each major receptor has a unique anatomic distribution in brain, spinal cord, and the periphery, e.g. gut. Each receptor type has its unique but often overlapping profile of actions.

Q. Does salvinorin A activate a different set of opiate receptors than addictive opiate drugs such as morphine?
A. There are very significant differences in which opioid receptors are activated by morphine compared with salvinorin A, these differences result in morphine, but NOT salvinorin A, being addictive. To be more specific, morphine activates both mu and kappa opioid receptors. It activates mu receptors strongly, these are the receptors responsible for opiate dependence. It activates kappa receptors, but only weakly. Thus morphine is powerfully addictive but produces only borderline visionary effects (morphine induced visions, when they occur at all, are similar to daydreams). In contrast salvinorin A is a powerful SELECTIVE kappa agonist. It strongly activates the vision-inducing kappa receptors but does NOT activate the addiction producing mu receptors. So, unlike opiate drugs such as morphine, salvinorin produces remarkably powerful visions, but not addiction.

Q. It is well known that some opiate drugs are addictive. Is there any danger of this with salvia?
A. NO. No one has ever reported any addictive behavior with respect to the use of salvinorin A or Salvia divinorum. Addictive behavior is compulsive drug use. The key word is compulsive. To produce it, a drug must be a powerful "reinforcer," as opiates such as morphine indeed are. The powerful reinforcing effect of opiates depends on dopamine release in a part of the brain called the shell region of the nucleus accumbens. Both mu and delta agonists produce dopamine release in this region; however, selective kappa agonists do not. This dopamine-mediated reinforcement (euphoria, rush, buzz, reward) is very important in determining if a drug will be addicting or not. And dopamine induced euphoria is different from the mechanisms underlying both physical dependence and tolerance. It is dopamine related euphoria more than tolerance or physical dependence that will determine if a drug is liable to be habitually abused. Anyhow, dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens may be why animals and people will choose to repetitively self-administer morphine, heroin, etc. Surprisingly, stimulation of the kappa receptor has the opposite effect. It decreases dopamine release in the shell region of the nucleus accumbens, and in experimental animals this discourages self-administration. The decreased dopamine release that results from kappa receptor stimulation may be the reason why Salvia divinorum, and salvinorin A, do NOT cause addiction.

Q. In what parts of the brain does it act?
A. This is not known for sure but from the subjective and behavioral effects it can be surmised that salvinorin is almost certainly affecting the limbic system, and may be affecting somatosensory (parietal lobe), cerebellar and vestibular function as well.


XI. DANGERS AND PRECAUTIONS
Q. Does salvia cause a hangover? Are there any after-effects?
A. Most people do not feel unpleasantly hungover after using Salvia. A few people do report a mild headache, bronchial irritation, insomnia or irritability. These symptoms seem to be reported more often by smokers than by quid chewers, and perhaps might be due to some combustion products, such as carbon monoxide rather than to salvinorin.

Q. For how long after using salvia is a person's ability to drive impaired?
A. Most people feel they can drive safely by 3 hours after smoking Salvia, or 4 hours after chewing it. Many believe they can safely drive even sooner than this. The duration of impairment after drinking the infusion might be up to 8 hours. But studies of the duration of impairment, after taking salvia by any route, have never been done. Therefore it is a good idea to be extra careful when driving for a couple of days after using Salvia.

Q. Does salvia cause any physical damage?
A. There are no known health problems from oral salvia use. However, it is known that smoking tobacco is damaging to your lungs and may cause cancer, emphysema, bronchitis, stroke and cardiovascular disease. These toxic side-effects of tobacco smoking are not due mainly to nicotine but rather to combustion products (tars and carbon monoxide), which are present whenever any type of plant material (e.g. Salvia) is smoked. Common sense will tell you that smoking Salvia, or any material, can be bad for your health. It is not known if salvia can cause birth defects, but it is prudent to assume that it could.

Q. Can you take a fatal overdose?
A. No case of fatal salvinorin poisoning has been reported. The human oral lethal dose is not known but is believed to be extremely high. Leander Valdes, III provided  the following information for inclusion in this FAQ regarding acute toxicity studies in mice: "I tested Salvinorin A intraperitoneally in mice at very high doses and it appeared to be not very toxic. This was long before the compound was being taken orally and it was testing about as potent as mescaline in the assay I was using. In light of the extreme potency of the compound, I think it quite possible and probably very likely that it was not being well absorbed. I had it in a mix of corn oil, tween 80 (a fancy emulsifier) and water. Dissolving the compound in solvents such as ethanol, acetone or DMSO probably delivers quite a bit more drug to the body (I didn't use them because I wanted an inactive vehicle). "

Swallowed salvinorin is not well absorbed. The chances of inadvertently swallowing a lethal overdose of an oral preparation of leaves, slurry or elixir are extremely low.

If salvinorin is inhaled as multiple inhalations of leaf smoke or vapor one  could reasonably expect to pass out  before he/she could take a lethal overdose. But significantly, nothing is known about the toxic effects of smoking truly massive 'single bolus' doses of pure salvinorin, such a practice might be quite dangerous, and should certainly be avoided.

Although fatal poisoning from Salvia divinorum appears to be very unlikely to occur; there is another type of lethal overdose --- one that kills not by poisoning but by impairing judgment and survival instincts and causing fatal injury. If you smoked salvinorin and then walked out of a ten story  window you would be very dead indeed. That's why sitters are needed when smoking or vaporizing high doses.

Q. Are there any negative interactions between salvia and other drugs, supplements, or medications?
A. One should be particularly cautious about combining salvia with other drugs. As is the case with most drugs, some combinations may interact in unexpected and possibly negative ways.

Many people who are taking regular medications do use salvia with no adverse effects. Although salvia appears to be relatively safe when combined with many medications, there probably are some drugs that it should not be combined with. It is important to remember that each individual is unique. The fact that some people do not experience problems with a particular combination does not guarantee that that combination is safe for everyone.

If you must combine salvia with another drug, you should always do so cautiously. Start with an extremely conservative dose so as to reduce the risk, should a negative reaction occur. If no negative reaction occurs, you can try increasing the dosage slightly on subsequent attempts. Provided that no adverse effects are experienced, you can increase the dose until you obtain the desired level of effects. One should always have an alert, responsible sitter present when experimenting with new combinations. It is important to have someone on hand who can help you, should the need arise.

We advise against combining salvia with other consciousness-altering substances. There have been reports of people having difficult experiences with such combinations. We are aware of one individual who reported that his breathing became somewhat constricted and labored for several minutes when he smoked salvia following a high dose of the "nutritional supplement," GABA. While it is not certain that this reaction was due to an interaction of the two drugs, it would be prudent to avoid this combination.

Q. When do you need a sitter?
A. Having a sitter present is absolutely essential whenever you are taking a dose that might be high enough to cause you to lose awareness of your physical environment, freak out, or become delusional. Losing awareness of your physical environment can be dangerous because you are not aware of how your body might be interacting with its surroundings. This could result in physical injury to yourself or others (falls, fires, etc.). Do not take salvia without a sitter unless you are certain that you can safely handle the dose. You should have a sitter if you are at all uncertain. A sitter is needed whenever a user is new to Salvia, is uncertain of the potency of the Salvia that they will be using, is experimenting with a more powerful preparation than he/she has used before, or is using a more powerful delivery system than previously. It is generally advisable to have a sitter present when using highly concentrated salvia extracts and when using the vaporization method of smoking. Exercise caution and use good judgment. Many people choose to have a sitter present even when they are using low doses that can be handled safely without one.

Q. What should a sitter know?
A. The sitter should be supportive, congenial, sensible, and sober. Above all remember that no matter how crazy the person undergoing the experience gets, the effects of Salvia are short lived. Within an hour (usually much less) the person will be back in consensus reality, behaving normally. It's very reassuring to hold onto this knowledge when things seem impossibly messy. It helps to have done salvia yourself before sitting another person. Experience with classical psychedelics is only partially helpful. The sitter should know that salvia is different  from these, especially in terms of dissociative effect. Touching to "ground" the person may frighten the person. If you plan on touching, clear it with the person before they begin the experience. The sitter should realize that he/she has a primary role, a secondary role, and a tertiary role.

Q. What is the primary role?
A. The primary role is to keep the person safe. and keep those around that person safe. This must take precedence over all else. The main dangers to be guarded against are physical, not emotional. Your primary job is 'guardian' not psychotherapist.  Do not use physical force unless nothing else will do. Use of physical force may result in injury. It could be misinterpreted as an  assault. Never let salvia be used in settings in which firearms, knives or other potentially dangerous objects are present. Keep the person safe from falls, head banging, sharp objects, walking through windows, wandering out into the street, open flames,  hot surfaces and breakable objects. But let the person move about in a safe area. Do not grab or try to physically restrain the subject. Do  redirect him or her. Speak softly. Take dangerous objects away. Use the minimum touching necessary (the confused subject may perceive your touching as  an assault and react to the perceived danger). It is also the sitter's responsibility to handle unexpected intrusions of strangers and other awkward social situations. This may call for considerable creativity ;-).

Q. What is the secondary role?
A. To reassure and reorient. Often simple repeated explanations may help a frightened person, e.g. "You're safe, I won't let anything harm you." "You're just having a bad trip, you'll feel better in a few minutes." "Your name is (subject's name), I'm (state your name) I'm your (friend, lover, spouse etc.)" . If speech is not called for, be silent. Silence is  often less threatening than trying to decipher what a sitter is saying.

Q. What is the tertiary role?
A. To help the person later recall the details of their experience. There are several techniques. Use a notebook and record the person's behavior and  utterances. You can later ask the person about specific actions that you recorded. That may jog his or her memory about what they experienced. Another technique, if the person is not too far gone to communicate during the experience, is to ask repeatedly "what are you experiencing now?" A notebook,  or more conveniently a tape recorder,  can be used to record responses.

Q. Any safety Do's and Don'ts?
A. Common sense guidelines are:
• Choose the time and place of your salvia experience carefully. Privacy and safety are essential.
• Choose your dose and mode of delivery carefully.
• Lie down for the duration of the experience. You're pretty darn safe in bed if you're not smoking there.
• Have a sitter (this is especially important if you are new to Salvia, taking a high dose or using an efficient delivery system such as vaporization.
• As a general rule do not mix salvia with any other other psychoactive substances. If you are quite experienced with salvia ,and with the other substance, you might decide to ignore this advice at some point; but  if you do so you are playing guinea pig. When you play guinea pig risks increase. If you decide to play guinea pig having a sitter present would be a wise precaution.
• If you are currently having mental health problems or have a history of same,  don't take salvia without first discussing it with your mental health practitioner.
• Don't give salvia to minors,  or to violent or unstable individuals.


XII. LEGAL STATUS
Q. What is the legal status of Salvia?
A. Salvia divinorum is a legal plant in most countries. Missouri, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Delaware are the only states in the USA that prohibit its use. Salvia divinorum is entirely legal in all other US states. Australia, Denmark, Belgium, Italy, and South Korea are the only countries that have enacted legislation making possession of Salvia divinorum and/or salvinorin A illegal. Spain prohibits the sale of Salvia divinorum, but not possession or use. In Finland, Norway, Iceland, and Estonia, it is illegal to import Salvia divinorum without a relevant prescription from a doctor. Additional information about Salvia's legal status, and pending legislation that might affect it, is available at: http://sagewisdom.org/legalstatus.html.

The authors of this FAQ are not attorneys and cannot render a legal opinion. If you have a question regarding the legal issues surrounding Salvia divinorum or salvinorin, you should consult an attorney knowledgeable about drug law.

Q. How can I help prevent criminalization of salvia?
A. Practice and encourage responsible use. Do not provide salvia to minors or unstable individuals. Never use salvia in settings in which firearms, knives or other potentially dangerous objects are present. Do not mix with alcohol. Never drive while under the influence of Salvia. Be extra careful of flames - candles, lighters, fire etc when using Salvia. Discourage mixing salvia with other drugs. Encourage the practice of using sitters. Discourage use of pure salvinorin (except in research settings), vaporized extracts, vaporized leaves, and smoking of powerful extract enhanced leaves. Taking oral preparations and smoking unenhanced leaves are less likely to produce out of control behavior. Be careful about granting interviews. The press and media in general is often more interested in sensationalizing than in balanced factual reporting.

Q. Does Salvia divinorum show up on drug tests?
A: No. Tests have not been developed to detect use of Salvia divinorum. Although it may be possible for a properly equiped lab to identify traces of salvinorin A or its metabloites in urine, it is not something that would be done in an ordinary drug test. Certainly, this should be of no concern in countries where Salvia divinorum remains legal. The active principal, salvinorin A, is not chemically similar to other drugs typically tested for, and therefore it should not produce a false-positive result when testing for other drugs.

XIII. PROCESSING PLANT MATERIAL
Q. How could I dry leaves?
A. There are several methods which all give good results.

Method 1.) "Nature's Bounty"
Wait till the leaves die or are shed. Gather them. Place them on a plate in a room with low humidity. Wait until they are dry then store. It is not known if naturally shed leaves are stronger or weaker than picked leaves. Advantage you won't be depriving your plants of leaves it needs. Disadvantage you will have to wait until the plant is ready to make a donation to your cause. Leaves may not be in prime condition

Method 2) "Salvia Tobacco"
List-member Michael Steinmetz recommends the following: Take big leaves and place one atop another (like stacking sheets of paper). Then cut through the pile making 1/2 cm. (1/4 inch)  strips. Pile these on a plate into a heap. Turn them twice daily until they are dry but not crispy. The resulting 'tobacco' is said to give a smoother smoke than thoroughly dried leaves; however is possible that this slow partial drying results in weaker leaves that may not keep as long as  thoroughly dried (crispy) leaves.

Method 3) "Food Dehydrator"
Dry in a food dehydrator. A Mr. Coffee®  brand food dehydrator works very well. Drying is very fast and thorough. Dry until the entire leaves including the leaf stem are crispy. Your fingers can tell you when they are ready. Advantages: speed, thorough drying.  and convenience. Disadvantages cost of buying a dehydrator.

Method 4). "Conventional Oven Method"
Place on an oven proof dish. Oven dry in an oven set at no more than 150 degrees F. Similar to method 3) although a  little less convenient; however, more people have ovens than food dehydrators.

Method 5). "Microwave Oven Method"
Lay the leaves in a single layer between two paper towels and microwave them on high for 10 seconds at a time, checking after each period, until they are dry enough to store.

Method 6). "Calcium chloride Drying"
List-member "cystonic" recommends: Get Damp-rid (Calcium Chloride) refills and place sufficient amount in the bottom of a Tupperware container.  Place a piece of aluminum foil atop the CaCl2, and place leaves to be dried on top of foil.  Curling edges is recommended as to avoid contact with the CaCl2.  Seal container, and leaves will be dry in approx. 2 days Advantage very thorough drying. Disadvantages less convenient than other methods. Slow.

Q. How should I store dried leaves and how long will they last?
A. Place them in a sealed jar away from light. A clean glass canning jar works very well (1 quart Mason jar). Storing the jar inside a kitchen cabinet or medicine chest will keep it away from light. Stored this way leaves will keep their potency for many months or even years. Storing dry leaves in a sealed jar in a freezer may give even longer shelf life.

Q. I’ve heard talk of salvia extracts and I’m confused. The term seems to be used in various ways.
A. It is confusing because the term is often used to refer to various preparations derived from Salvia. Technically, in pharmacy and medicine the dictionary definition of an extract is: a solid preparation obtained by evaporating a solution of a drug. There is also such a thing as a fluid extract (or tincture), which is a concentrated liquid preparation containing a definite proportion of the active principles of a medicinal substance. The solvent usually used is ethyl alcohol or a mixture of ethyl alcohol and water. However various salvia preparations are often referred to (loosely) as extracts.

Q. What are the advantages of using extracts?.
A. Extracts allow one to explore deeper levels than are available using plain leaf. This is particularly important for people who find that they are not very sensitive to S. divinorum. Another advantage to these products is that they are far easier to consume, since less material needs to be ingested or smoked.

Q. How safe are extracts?.
A. They are safe if prepared properly and used wisely. It is highly recomended that you have a sitter present when experimenting with any enhanced or concentrated form of Salvia divinorum. Poorly manufactured extracts, or fortified leaves may contain traces of toxic solvents or other residues. Unless standardized, the strength of these preparations may vary. Apart from possible solvent toxicity, the main danger is from fires, falls, burns and confused behavior resulting in injury. Extract can be quite powerful and must be used carefully. I generally recommend that people avoid using products containing more than 15 mg. salvinorin A per gram of leaf (i.e. products stronger than 6X) unless the dose has been weighed precisely. Be sure that you know what you are doing before experimenting with extracts, fortified leaves, and standardized salvinorin A enhanced leaf.

Q. What are these so called ‘extracts’? And what are they used for?
A. They include:
• Crude extract fortified salvia leaves. When you hear of ‘5X extract’, fortified leaf material is what is being referred to. An extract of salvia is made using a solvent such as ethanol or acetone. The solvent, which now contains dissolved extracted material, is evaporated onto salvia leaves, where the dissolved material is deposited. This final material, whose salvinorin content has been increased by this procedure, is often termed ‘extract’, although technically it should be called ‘extract fortified leaves’. Fortified leaves are usually smoked, although they may be active sublingually as well. The most common product currently on the market is called "5X." It is prepared by adding the crude extract obtained from 4 units of leaf back onto 1 unit of leaf. The resulting product is thus 5 times as potent as the leaves used to produce it. This type of product is somewhat variable in actual potency, because the potency of the leaves used to produce it varies. It has a somewhat sticky feel and inferior burning characteristics due to the impure, tar-like quality of the extract. A 5X ‘extract’ is a final product that is 5 times as strong as the original untreated leaves. Extract fortified leaves of various strengths are available: 5X, 6X, 10X, 15X, etc.

• Standardized Salvinorin A Enhanced Leaf. This material contains a specific concentration of pure salvinorin A deposited on a small quantity of leaf material. Unlike extract fortified leaf made with crude extract, this material is enhanced with pure salvinorin A. This product is ideal for smoking, because it minimizes the amount of ‘tars’ and carbon monoxide that would be inhaled. Daniel Siebert sells two strengths at his "Sage Wisdom Salvia Shop":
1.) "Standard strength": This has been standardized to contain exactly 15 mg salvinorin A per gram of leaf. This is roughly six times the average natural leaf concentration. One gram is sufficient for 15 - 30 uses.
2.) "Extra strength": This is standardized to contain exactly 1 mg salvinorin A per 25 mg of leaf (this is equivalent to 40 mg salvinorin A per gram of leaf). Because of its strength, it should only be used if the individual doses have been accurately weighed. Since most people do not have the ultra accurate analytical balances necessary to do this, Daniel Siebert only sells this in individually packaged, pre-weighed, 25 mg. units. This only produces a tiny wisp of smoke, so it is ideal for people who want to minimize smoke ingestion as much as possible. 25 mg. is sufficient for 1 - 2 uses for a person of average sensitivity.

• Salvia fluid extracts. These are usually in the form of various salvia elixirs -- sweetened alcoholic fluid extracts. Instructions for making them are included in the FAQ.

• Sage Goddess Emerald Essence. A particularly effective, ultra-concentrated, refined tincture that is prepared using a unique new separation process developed by Daniel Siebert. This product is the most effective and reliable form of Salvia divinorum for oral use. It is available from The Sage Wisdom Salvia Shop.

• Soft extracts. This is a type of true extract. It is a semisolid material obtained by extracting Salvia divinorum leaf with a solvent and then evaporating the solvent completely. The resulting preparation is a waxy or tarry product that is not sufficiently hard to be able to be ground up into a powder. The soft extract (which may actually be fairly hard like hard wax), is not deposited on leaves. This material is quite suitable for sublingual use as a substitute for quid. The effects are similar to quid but probably will be stronger, may come on a little slower, and may last somewhat longer. The advantage over quid chewing is user comfort, as a far smaller amount of material must be put into ones mouth. Since the material is very concentrated (1/4 tsp. will produce strong effects in many people) a large enough dose can be taken to guarantee strong effects without the gagging that may accompany use of large quids. For example: if 1/4 tsp. is ineffective, one could take 1/2 tsp. without gagging. Basic soft extracts but can easily be prepared in a kitchen. A method of preparation is described below.

• Hard extracts. These can be prepared by a more complicated use of two solvents in a separatory funnel, one to remove the oils and waxes but leave the salvinorin and the other to dissolve the salvinorin. A hard extract could be ground and used as a powder. No Salvia divinorum hard extracts are being sold. Such a hard extract might be suitable for vaporization or use as a nasal snuff. Instructions for making a hard extract are not included in the FAQ.

Q. I'm not a first time user. Smoking regular leaves doesn't have much effect on me. Despite your warnings, I'd like to be able to make extract enhanced leaves. How can I do that?
A. If you cannot achieve sufficient effect with unenhanced leaves you may wish to try extract enhanced leaves; however you should have a sitter present when you try smoking these. Here is one way to make a 6X enhancement. Note: attempting to make enhancements much stronger than this will leave you with a sticky gummy mess.

Method: Take your dried leaf material and divide it into two portions one of which weighs 5 times as much as the other. Call the smaller portion B and the larger portion A. For this example we will assume you want to make about 5 G of 6X extract enhanced leaves. You will need to start with 30 G of leaf powder. You would divide the 30 G into a 5 G sample and a 25 G sample.

You will need a suitable solvent for dissolving salvinorin A. The solvent should not contain any non-volatile impurities. Several possibilities exist: ethanol, methylene chloride, 91% isopropyl alcohol, acetone, etc. If using ethanol. It is best to use either denatured ethanol or absolute alcohol. Drinking alcohol of less than 190 proof is a poor solvent for salvinorin because of its water content. Absolute alcohol is pure ethanol, containing no more than 1% water. Denatured ethanol, is ethanol that has been rendered unsuitable for human consumption by the addition of a small percentage of a poisonous substance such as methanol or isopropyl alcohol. It is usually much less expensive than absolute alcohol or high proof drinking alcohol. When obtaining denatured alcohol, look for the kind that is denatured with isopropyl alcohol rather than methanol. It is much less toxic and therefore safer to handle. Never consume an extract that has been prepared with denatured alcohol until ALL traces of alcohol have been thoroughly evaporated. The extraction below can be done using any of the above solvents. Ethanol is the least toxic choice, and acetone is considered only slightly toxic. Chloroform is a known carcinogen and should be avoided. The extraction can be done at room temperature. CAUTION: BOTH ACETONE, AND ALL THE TYPES OF ALCOHOL MENTIONED, ARE HIGHLY FLAMMABLE. If working indoors a spark proof fume hood should be used. Avoid static sparks from carpets and use of flame. To avoid toxicity and fire, this extraction is best done outdoors away from all sparks and sources of flame.

Make sure the solvent used is of high purity and will evaporate completely (hardware store solvents might contain impurities). To test for non-volatile impurities, evaporate a drop of the solvent on a very clean piece of clear glass. After the solvent is evaporated, hold the glass over a black surface and look for any white deposits on the glass, then hold it over a white surface and look for any dark deposits. Also pick up the glass and look through it to see if there is any oily residue. This is like checking ones eyeglasses to see if they are clean. Any residual deposits on the glass indicate that the solvent leaves residue i.e. that it is impure. If it leaves no residue or stain and no residual odor or taste it is unlikely that it will leave any impurities in your extract enhanced leaves, provided that it is thoroughly evaporated from them prior to use.

Powder the 25 G sample and place it into a glass mason jar that has a screw top (make sure the seal on the jar top is not soluble in the solvent). Add at least 125 ml (1/2 cup) of solvent. Screw on the top. Shake well for 2 minutes. Let sit for a minimum of 24 hours (several days might yield a more complete extraction). Shake periodically (at least 5 or 6 times over the course of the extraction period). Then pour the entire contents of the jar though a fine mesh wire strainer (a tea strainer will do). Save all the solvent. With the back of a spoon squeeze the stuff in the strainer dry. Save the solvent that you squeeze out. Re-extract the filtered leaf material in an addition 125 ml fresh solvent. As before, filter and squeeze the leaves dry, saving the solvent squeezed out. Pool all the solvent that has been in contact with the leaf material. Discard the spent leaves. Place the solvent in a broad, shallow container such as a pan or baking sheet. The container should be made of glass, stainless steel or Teflon lined steel. Cover with a wire strainer or screen and allow to evaporate out of doors. If this is impractical evaporation can be done indoors next to an exhaust fan or under a fume hood (open windows to insure good ventilation). Be careful though if the exhaust fan motor emits electrical sparks it may ignite the vapors. If doing indoor evaporation choose a solvent low in toxicity. When little solvent is left, add portion B of the leaves. Stir with a wooden utensil. Spread out thinly and allow to continue to air dry. The leaves will absorb the residual liquid. Allow to air dry thoroughly until free of all solvent odor and if possible until dry to the touch. Break up any clumps. Finally, the extract should be spread out thinly on an oven proof plate and placed in a 150 to 170 degree F oven for an hour. Exposure to this temperature will not destroy salvinorin but should remove any residual traces of solvent. The oven door should be cracked open an inch during this final "desolventing." Store in a sealed jar. Test by opening the jar after a day and smelling. If a solvent odor is present there is still residual solvent in the material and further drying is required prior to use.

You now have your smoking mixture. This is a 6X enhancement i.e. theoretically the leaf material is now 6 times as strong as unenhanced leaf material, so smoke it with great care, and have a sitter present. This stuff can be very strong.

Q. I don’t want to chew quid or to smoke, how can a soft extract for sublingual use be made?
A. Strong preparations have been made using ethanol and using 91% isopropyl alcohol. Please note there have been no studies of the safety of sublingual soft extract. It is theoretically possible that the material might contain some harmful substance, either extracted from the plant or produced by reaction with solvent or in the oven heating phase of the preparation. Users have not reported side-effects from sublingual soft-extract but long term dangers (if any) are unknown. Since this material is waxy, it might not be a good idea to smoke it because one might be inhaling wax vapors into ones lungs. Various solvents can be used to make a soft extract. Extracts made using both ethanol and 91% isopropyl alcohol have proven effective.

The following recipe worked to prepare an isopropyl alcohol soft extract. The final product was a greenish black waxy substance about the consistency of beeswax. It looked like tar but had a tealike aroma and slightly bitter taste. It proved highly effective sublingually in a dose of 1/4 tsp.

1. Grind up a large amount of dried salvia leaves. Grind them finely. You need not weigh the starting material. The more leaf material you start with the more soft extract you will get. So use as much as you can spare.
2. Place the ground up leaves in a polyethylene container with a well sealing polyethylene top. Polyethylene will not dissolve in isopropyl alcohol. Neither will glass but the rubber seals on glass jar lids may, so stick to polyethylene containers.
3. Add enough 91% isopropyl alcohol to cover the leaf material twice over. 91% isopropyl alcohol is available in pharmacies over the counter. It is used by some diabetics to sterilize reusable insulin syringes, and is pharmaceutical grade (very pure).
4. Shake the alcohol leaf powder mixture twice daily for at least a couple of days. The longer you do this the more complete the extraction will be. Leaving the material sit in a closet for weeks or even months will not hurt the final product. But two days with good shaking may be all that is needed.
5. If all the leaf material has not settled to the bottom of the container you will have to filter. Filtration is possible using cheese cloth for preliminary filtration followed by filtering through a coffee filter. If you left the container sit long enough you can skip the filtration step as all the leaf material will have sedimented out. If it has just decant the alcohol which was now greenish black in color.
6. Pout the more or less particle free green black isopropyl alcohol crude fluid extract into a Pyrex baking dish.
7. If weather permits evaporate it outdoors. Just cover with a clean aluminum screen and let it evaporate at ambient temperature. If indoor evaporation is necessary set it next to an exhaust fan for 48 hours.
8. Once all the alcohol has evaporated the mixture will no longer smell like rubbing alcohol but may contain water and be slimy. Expect a wet slimy greenish-black material to be coating the Pyrex baking dish. Once it no longer smells of alcohol place the pan in a 150 degree oven for a couple of hours. You may want to crack the oven open about an inch to let any residual alcohol vapors escape.
9. At this point the material in the pan should be a crust of film coating the pan. Open the oven and remove the pan from the oven and let it cool some but not down to room temperature.
10. With a plastic spatula scrape the black tar-like material off. There will be a lot of scraping. The scrapings are the stuff you want so don’t throw them out! Place these scrapings into a plastic bag. When there is no more that can be scraped out of the pan take the scrapings in your hands (make sure they are clean first) and using your fingers roll the scrapings into a ball. Your fingers will become coated with the tarry soft extract.
11. Place the ball back into the plastic bag and let it cool to room temperature. As it does it will become stiffer.
12. The material can be stored at room temperature in a sealed plastic bag. It will probably keep a very long time.
13. To measure a dose, scoop out a tiny piece with a small measuring spoon e.g. 1./4 tsp size. Fill the measuring spoon with the extract. Since this is strong stuff and 1/4 tsp. is a large dose so you may want to use an 1/8 tsp. measure, or alternatively measure 1/4 tsp. and then cut than in half to get approximately 1/8 tsp.
14. To use, place the dose under your tongue. Lie down in a quiet place with dim lighting. Chew the waxy material occasionally, parking it under your tongue between chews. Keep the Saliva formed in your mouth so salvinorin can be absorbed from it. Swallowing the material won’t harm you but swallowed salvinorin is not effective. Once you want to come down, spit out the material remaining in your mouth and brush your teeth to rid you mouth of the remaining extract. The effects develop gradually, but can become quite strong in sensitive individuals.


XIV. POSSIBLE MEDICAL USES
Q. Are there medical or psychiatric uses?
A. Traditional Mazatec healers have used Salvia divinorum to treat medical and psychiatric conditions conceptualized according to their traditional framework. Some of the conditions for which they use the herb are easily recognizable to Western medical practitioners (e.g colds, sore throats, constipation and diarrhea) and some are not, e.g. 'fat lambs belly' which is said to be due to a 'stone' put in the victims belly by means of evil witchcraft.

Some alternative healers and herbalists are exploring possible uses for Salvia. The problems in objectively evaluating such efforts and 'sorting the wheat from the chaff' are considerable.

There are no accepted uses for Salvia divinorum in standard medical practice at this time. A medical exploration of some possible uses suggested by Mazatec healing practice is in order in such areas as cough suppression (use to treat colds), and treatment of congestive heart failure and ascites (is 'fat lamb's belly' ascites?). Some other areas for exploration include salvia aided psychotherapy (there is anecdotal material supporting its usefulness in resolving pathological grief), use of salvinorin as a brief acting general or dissociative anesthetic agent, use to provide pain relief, use in easing both the physical and mental suffering of  terminal patients as part of hospice care, and a possible antidepressant effect.

If a specific salvinorin receptor were discovered this would be of great interest to psychopharmacology and neuroscience.


XV. FINDING OUT MORE
Q. What are some salvia related URLs?
A. The best place to start is at the Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center home page. There you will find links to many related sites. To discover more, just use your favorite search engine to search on terms like 'Salvia', 'Salvia divinorum', 'Mazatec', and 'salvinorin' One of the best search engines to use is google.com.

Q. Are there any Salvia divinorum newsletters?
A. Yes, The Salvia divinorum Observer provides information about Salvia divinorum-related news and events.

Q. Are there any online Salvia divinorum discussion forums?
A. Yes, there are many:

• SalviaD. An email-based discussion forum. This group discusses all aspects of Salvia divinorum (open membership).
• SkaMariaPastora. An email-based discussion forum that focuses on the spiritual use of Salvia divinorum (open membership).
• SalviaD_Alliance. An email-based discussion forum that emphasizes sharing Salvia divinorum experiences (trip reports) and discussing its effects on human consciousness (open membership).
• Salvia-SF. A small email-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum for people living in the San Francisco Bay Area (open membership).
• SalviaUK. A small email-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum for people in the United Kingdom (open membership).
• Salvia Canada. A small email-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum for people in Canada (open membership).
• Salvia Journeyz. An email-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum with a focus on sharing experiential reports (open membership).
• Salvia divinorum. An email-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum at Yahoo.com (open membership).
• Skamaria. Gruppo di discussione dedicato al mondo di Salvia Divinorum. An email-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum in Italian (closed membership).
• The Salvia Plane. A web-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum at SpiritPlants.org (open membership).
• Salvia divinorum. A web-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum at Drugs-forum (open membership).
• Salvia Forum. A web-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum at Entheogen.com (open membership).
• Salvia-Community.net. A German web-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum. This forum includes an English language sub-forum (open membership).
• Salvia Discussions. A web-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum at Entheo-WorldEyes.org (open membership).
• Salvia divinorum. A web-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum at Tribe.net (open membership).
• Outward Journey. A web-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum (open membership).
• Salvia divinorum. A web-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum at Psychonaut.com (open membership).
• Salvia divinorum Forum. A web-based Salvia divinorum discussion forum at Divinorum.net (open membership).
• Alt.drugs.salvia A newsnet Salvia divinorum discussion forum (open membership).
• Sagewise. An email-based discussion forum for Salvia divinorum researchers and professionals. The list is moderated and maintained by Daniel Siebert (closed membership).